Introduction To C++ Programming Language

 Programing Languages

C++ is a powerful computer programming language that provides both structure and Object Oriented Programing. It is a general-purpose computer programming language in which we can create any type of programs. Generally C++ provides basic programming control statements, Loops, Arrays, Structures, Mathematical and Trigonometric functions, Networking Programming, Viruses programming, Terminate and stay Resident Programming and Object Oriented Programming etc.

A programming language is a methodology allows a programmer or end user to develop the sets of instructions that constitute a computer program. Programming languages provide interface to the programmers or end users to develop their program to perform a specific task or to achieve their desired goals. Basically programming languages are divided into the following two types.

• Low Level Languages.
• High Level Languages.

Low Level Languages:

The low-level computer programming languages are machine codes. A computer cannot understand instructions given in the form of high-level languages or human languages. It can only understand and execute instructions given in the form of machine language i.e. the language of 0 and 1 ( Binary Form ). There are the following two types of low-level languages. 

• Machine Language: 

         Machine language is the only language that is understandable by the computer. A manufacturer designs a computer to understand only machine language, which is represented inside thee computer by a string of binary digits ( bits 0 and 1 ). The symbol 0 stands for the absence of an electric pulse and 1 stands for the presence of an electric pulse.

• Assembly Language:

            
         It is that type low-level language in which operation codes and operands are given in the form of alphanumeric symbols instead of 0's and 1's. For Example ADD or addition, SUB for subtraction etc.

High Level Languages:

This type of Languages are basically symbolic languages that use English words or Mathematical symbols e.f. +,-,*,/,>,<,<=,>= etc. In this type of languages when we write a program then first they convert the program into machine language then execute the program and perform a desired task.

• Translator:

It is a converter program that converts a source program into machine instruction codes. When we write set of instructions or a program in any type of computer programming language then it is called source program and when translator converts the source program then it is called machine codes. There are the following three types of translators.

1.  Assembler:

It is a translator program used for converting a set of instructions or a program written in assembly language into machine codes.

    2.   Compiler:

It is a translator program that converts a set of instruction codes written in high-level language into machine instruction codes. Compiler converts the entire program into machine codes then executes the code and produces the result.

   3.   Interpreter:

This translator program is used for converting high-level language instruction codes into machine codes. Interpreters converts and executes the source program line by line not the whole program.

• Data:

It is the collection of facts and figures. When different figures are collected together then it form data, or data is the combination of variables and constants. It is further divided into the following three types.

   1.   Numeric Data:

A data, which contains only decimal numbers from 0 to 9, is called numeric data. Numeric data only contains the decimal numbers from 0 to 9 and decimal point notation. For Example 1, 123, 50, 6.5, etc are numeric data. It is further divided into the following two types.

         i.   Integer Numeric Data:

That numeric data which does not contain any decimal point is called integer numeric data. For Example 12, 34, 6 etc are integer numeric data.

         ii.   Real Numeric Data:

That numeric data which contain a decimal point is called real numeric data, For Example 12.34, 1.5 etc are real numeric data.

   2.   Alphabetic Data:

A data, which contains only English alphabets from capital A to capital Z or from small a to small z is called alphabetic data. For Example " Afaq " , " Muskan " are alphabetic data.

   3.   Alphanumeric Data:

A data, which contains numeric data, alphabetic data, and some other special characters are called alphanumeric data. For Example House #-13, Registration number = ME-667-2011 etc.

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